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比例原则视域下个人数据跨境流动规制中的利益权衡
网络安全与数据治理 1期
张潆之
(中央财经大学 法学院,北京100081)
摘要: 目前,全球性的个人数据跨境流动规制尚未形成,虽然区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)已对以美欧为主导的两大格局之价值“漏洞”予以填补,将国家安全上升为可与个人数据权利、经济利益相提并论的第三大利益,但隐私盾协议的失效却也意味着“严格型”与“宽松型”规制之间仍存在激烈矛盾,而这源于不同国家对这三大利益的不同考量。但这一冲突并非不可弥合。比例原则这一科学方法论的指引,有助于尽可能平衡三大利益,探寻出全球规制之理想路径——“平衡点”,扭转“分而治之”的局面。虽然受制于推进构建全球性规制之困难,目前我国域内立法仍然偏向于“数据本地化”立场,但我国仍应当以“平衡点”为奋斗目标,完善国内立法框架的同时,期待多元共治之美好愿景的实现。
中圖分類號(hào): D92
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
DOI: 10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2023.01.005
引用格式: 張瀠之. 比例原則視域下個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)規(guī)制中的利益權(quán)衡[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,2023,42(1):37-44,53.
Trade-offs in the regulation of cross-border flows of personal data from the perspective of proportionality principle
Zhang Yingzhi
(School of Law,Central University of Finance and Economics,Beijing 100081,China)
Abstract: Although the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP) has filled the “loophole” of values between the two major patterns dominated by the United States and Europe, the global regulation of cross-border flows of personal data has not yet been established. It marks the awakening of developing countries when the interest of national security was elevated to the equal weight with personal data rights and economic interest. However, the failure of Privacy Shield indicates that there is still an intense contradiction between “strict”and “relaxed” regulations, which stems from different considerations of aforementioned three interests by different countries. However, this contradiction is not irreparable. The principle of proportionality was renewed by cost-benefit analysis with a formulaic method, under the guidance of which it is possible to balance these three interests and explore the ideal path of global regulation, namely “balance point”, to reverse the divided situation in global regulation. Although the domestic legislation in China preferred the position of “data localization” due to the difficulty of constructing global regulations, China should improve the domestic legislative framework under the goal of“balance point”, and meanwhile await bright future of pluralistic co-governance.
Key words : cross-border flows of personal data;proportionality principle;cost-benefit analysis;data localization;Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership


0 引言

2021年7月,國(guó)務(wù)院互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息辦公室(下稱“網(wǎng)信辦”)對(duì)“滴滴出行”啟動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全審查。兩日后,“滴滴出行”因嚴(yán)重違法收集使用個(gè)人信息,被下架并責(zé)令整改[1]。隨后,網(wǎng)信辦加大審查力度,對(duì)“運(yùn)滿滿”“貨車幫”等分別啟動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全審查。究其原因在于,其赴美上市行為造成大量國(guó)內(nèi)個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)流向美國(guó)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隱患?!暗蔚纬鲂小钡绕髽I(yè)在建構(gòu)其智能化系統(tǒng)的過(guò)程中引發(fā)了一系列數(shù)據(jù)倫理問(wèn)題與數(shù)據(jù)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而海外上市將其推向高潮,轉(zhuǎn)化為關(guān)乎國(guó)家安全的利益形態(tài)[2]。相較于國(guó)內(nèi)流動(dòng),跨境流動(dòng)不僅會(huì)導(dǎo)致本國(guó)無(wú)法直接監(jiān)管數(shù)據(jù)處理者,增加個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)利被侵犯的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),還會(huì)威脅國(guó)家數(shù)據(jù)主權(quán)、危害國(guó)家安全,因此,很多國(guó)家采取“嚴(yán)格型”規(guī)制。

盡管如此,個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)跨境勢(shì)不可擋。相較于新冠疫情造成的傳統(tǒng)商品及資本流動(dòng)受阻,數(shù)據(jù)全球化仍勢(shì)如破竹。我國(guó)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)增速已達(dá)GDP增速3倍以上,其規(guī)模占比也呈現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)態(tài)勢(shì)。在2021年G20數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議及聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)發(fā)會(huì)議中,數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)便是重點(diǎn)議題。各國(guó)強(qiáng)烈呼吁加強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)互聯(lián)互通,我國(guó)在大會(huì)中也肯定了數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的助推作用,期望以安全和發(fā)展并重為原則,在安全可信的基礎(chǔ)上促進(jìn)合作共贏[3]。

眾所周知,數(shù)據(jù)具有非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性,這意味著對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的開(kāi)放與共享非但不會(huì)損害其自身價(jià)值,反而因?yàn)槎喾街黧w的重復(fù)利用與深入挖掘而獲得更大的社會(huì)價(jià)值[4]。但數(shù)據(jù)大規(guī)模流動(dòng)帶來(lái)巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)紅利的同時(shí),也會(huì)引發(fā)眾多安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與監(jiān)管挑戰(zhàn)[5]。針對(duì)個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)問(wèn)題,不同的國(guó)家基于不同的價(jià)值取向,在權(quán)衡個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)利、國(guó)家安全與經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的基礎(chǔ)上,形成了不同的治理模式,并擁有截然不同的立場(chǎng)——限制或鼓勵(lì)自由流動(dòng)。如何尋求最為科學(xué)的規(guī)制路徑,最大程度促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益發(fā)展,是當(dāng)今數(shù)據(jù)治理面臨的重要問(wèn)題。





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作者信息:

張瀠之

(中央財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 法學(xué)院,北京100081)


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