数据交易客体的权属配置——从交易客体特殊性谈起
网络安全与数据治理
李宏茂
江西客家人律师事务所
摘要： 数据交易客体权属配置问题在理论界和实务界的争论不休，严重阻碍了数据交易市场实践的发展。数据交易的客体具有特殊性，数字经济的发展态势要求数据共享，这与传统所有权要求的直接支配与排他相斥；数据资源的增殖性与矿产资源的消耗性互异；数据产品共享性与知识产权专有性也相悖，现有规则难以满足数据交易市场的需要。基于数据主权维护与数据的公益属性，考量数据生产主体提供的资本或者添附的劳动彰显私益属性，提出“数据资源的国家所有”与“数据产品的数据生产主体所有”的二元财产制度构造，使我国数据资源的权属配置以数据产品权利为中心并遵循法律的逻辑进路开展，赋予数据生产主体以数据产品所有权，满足交易客体所需的权属明晰标准，为构建统一数据交易市场提供基础。
中圖分類號：G258;G250文獻標識碼：ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.01.018引用格式：李宏茂. 數(shù)據(jù)交易客體的權屬配置——從交易客體特殊性談起［J］.網(wǎng)絡安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理，2025，44（1）：110-117.
Ownership allocation of data transaction objects——Starting from the particularity of transaction object
Li Hongmao
Jiangxi Hakka Law Firm
Abstract： The ownership configuration of data transaction objects has been debated endlessly in the theoretical and practical fields, which has seriously hindered the development of data transaction market practice. The object of data trading is unique, and the development trend of the digital economy requires data sharing, which is incompatible with the traditional ownership requirements of direct control and exclusivity; The proliferation of data resources is different from the consumptive nature of mineral resources; The sharing of data products is also contrary to the exclusivity of intellectual property rights, and existing rules are difficult to meet the needs of the data trading market. Based on the maintenance of data sovereignty and the public welfare attributes of data, considering the capital provided by the data production subject or the added labor that manifests private interests, a dual property system structure of "state ownership of data resources" and "ownership of data production subject of data products" is proposed, which enables the ownership allocation of data resources in China to be centered on the rights of data products and follow the logical approach of the law. It gives the data production subject ownership of data products, meets the clear ownership standards required by transaction objects, and provides a foundation for building a unified data trading market.
Key words : data trading; object specificity; ownership allocation
引言
數(shù)據(jù)作為數(shù)字經(jīng)濟時代的生產(chǎn)要素，在國家政策層面上與土地、勞動力等生產(chǎn)要素并列?！按髷?shù)據(jù)越關聯(lián)越有價值，越開放越有價值”，數(shù)據(jù)流通已經(jīng)成為數(shù)字經(jīng)濟的基礎架構［1］。數(shù)字經(jīng)濟時代，作為生產(chǎn)要素的數(shù)據(jù)應當在市場交易流通中實現(xiàn)其作為生產(chǎn)資料的價值，通過滿足市場對數(shù)據(jù)的需求以推動數(shù)字經(jīng)濟的長遠發(fā)展。2022年12月19日，《中共中央 國務院關于構建數(shù)據(jù)基礎制度更好發(fā)揮數(shù)據(jù)要素作用的意見》(以下簡稱“數(shù)據(jù)二十條”)對外發(fā)布,引發(fā)社會廣泛探討，探索數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)權結構性分置制度。但針對數(shù)據(jù)權利歸屬的具體制度設計卻尚付闕如，故對數(shù)據(jù)權屬配置法律問題有深入研究之必要。
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作者信息：
李宏茂
(江西客家人律師事務所，江西贛州341000)
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